Omnis Terra

Asia, the world's largest continent, faces many problems such as sporadic poverty, social and economic inequalities, unemployment, majoritarian politics, digital divide, disasters, besides religious extremism and terrorism. These affect governments, communities, civil society groups, religious communities including the church, among others.

On March 28, Palm Sunday, the Sacred Heart of Jesus Cathedral in Makassar, capital of South Sulawesi, Indonesia, witnessed the bomb attacks, leaving two bombers dead and at least 20 people injured. This was the third such attack carried out by suicide bombers from Indonesia in recent years. The attackers were reportedly members of Jamaah Ansharut Daulah (JAD), an Islamic State-inspired group suspected of suicide attacks. The terror group bombed three churches in Surabaya, East Java, in 2018 killing 28 people. In 2019, a cathedral in Jolo in the southern Philippines saw a bomb killing 23 and injuring more than 100.
Indonesia, the world's most populous Muslim-majority country, faces threats from various religious extremist groups.

Moreover, Asia, the world's largest continent, faces many problems such as sporadic poverty, social and economic inequalities, unemployment, majoritarian politics, digital divide, disasters, besides religious extremism and terrorism. These affect governments, communities, civil society groups, religious communities including Christian Churches, among others. Let's attempts to explain growing cases of religious extremism in Asia and the Church’s response.
To begin with, some of the countries that have been witnessing increasing religious extremism are India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, the Philippines, Myanmar, Indonesia, Pakistan. Undoubtedly, conflicts that can be considered of a religius nature are often having roots in social, political histories/complexities, ideologies and economic underpins.
For example, a growing intolerance provides “fertile ground for extremism with grave consequences for harmony if not immediately addressed", explains Dwi Rubiyanti Kholifah, the country director of the Asian Muslim Action Network in Indonesia. She further says that a false notion of superiority and disagreements over differences shrink the space for exchange learning and prevent beneficial dialogue.
It is not surprising to note that more and more people in some Asian countries, such as Malaysia, Pakistan, Indonesia, India and Bangladesh are drawn to discriminatory ideologies that are detrimental to social order and wellbeing. This calls for a shift from extremism to interfaith initiatives for common good.
Similarly, Amirah Ali Lidasan, a Moro leader and General Secretary of the "Moro Christian People’s Alliance" and spokesperson for "Suara Bangsamoro", says the causes and consequences of the resurgence of extremism in the Mindanao region in Southern Philippines can be a matter of concern for all.
According to her, there might be some inconsistencies in the interpretations of a particular religion, which may lead to certain strands of extremism. She explains the power of the community, saying that the majority in the Muslim community did not recognize such extremist views but valued a harmonious history of coexistence with other faith communities in the region.

In a latest virtual conference, the United Nations, the Asian Human Rights Commission (AHRC), as well as leading human rights defenders, activists, and academicians from different countries said, “In recent times, there have been severe affronts to the wellbeing and dignity of religious minorities in many Asian countries, where violence and discrimination have been justified in the name of ‘protecting’ certain religious tenets. A strong tendency towards patriarchy is dominant in extremism, irrespective of the religion.”
Conversely, the instances of religious violence in any form deeply affect people and communities which feel the brunt of the ugly side, especially the poor, women and children. This calls for a paradigm shift in transforming societies and communities into bedrocks of peace, harmony and solidarity, especially during the current COVID-19 pandemic that has affected one and all.
On the other hand, governments, civil society groups and individuals have an indispensable role and responsibility to fight religious extremism, which has plagued Asian countries in one form or another for the sake of the common good and welfare of each other.
In the light of the emerging issues and challenges in the Asia region and keeping with the commitment to protecting the rights and dignity of all and the most vulnerable in society, it is critical to address religious extremism and violence in Asia.

According to Mathews George Chunakara, general secretary of the Christian Conference of Asia (CCA), the rise of extremist movements is creating dangerous fault lines within communities and cultures. He also adds that extremism was not a feature inherent to any particular religion itself, but could be seen in all religions where certain tenets or principles are distorted or manipulated with some intent. Such distortions, oppressive views and discrimination against religious minorities were used to justify hatred, bigotry and the ill-treatment of one religion against the other or one community against another. And these have been so intensified intolerance and violence, causing surmounting disruptions in the social fabric, besides unending suffering and tensions among communities.
Furthermore, Lesli Davis, a Governance, Peace, and Security specialist from the UN Women Asia Pacific Regional Office says animosity, violence and extremism stem from manipulation and misuse of religion, extremist ideologies and stereotypes of people, cultures, and societies.
In some cases, extremist groups tend to promote specific and rigid ideas to suit certain ideologies and marginalize and subjugate other communities or religions with superior and hegemonic tendencies. Such a regressive stance or a proclivity to subdue paves a way to maintain the status quo in society and curtailing peoples’ rights in religious freedom, social cohesion and mutual co-existence. The lack of inclusive narrative that extremists and their cohorts opt for can pause a greater threat to the liberal norms of equality, justice and freedom in a larger society, says Davis.
Restrictions imposed and enforced by certain political powers, ideologies and extremist forces to the practice of religious liberty perpetuate and persist the fear or hatred of each other with the intent of the Semitic approach. Researches show those who espouse religious extremism can have worrying implications and hamper sustainable development, promotion of human capital and agency of people, besides peace.
This scenario demands the creation of a peaceful, harmonious and prosperous society for all. One such example is the Islamic-Christian movement "Silsilah" (which means "chain"), born in Zamboanga, on the island of Mindanao, in the southern Philippines on the initiative of Fr. Sebastiano D’Ambra. According to the missionary of PIME, a person of every religion has a duty and obligation to promote affirmative action and work for peace in one’s heart, society and community with all-embracing attitudes and inclusive mindset.

No doubt that there is no “one-size-fits-all’ model to fight and address religious extremism. Each context has its specific needs, issues and challenges. Hence, there is a need for creative, innovative and proactive initiatives to create awareness and reform to subdue religious extremism among different communities with an emphasis on protective mechanisms of international laws and a country’s rule of law (legal framework) and social justice.
Likewise, church personnel and their allied institutions, associations and organizations across the Asian region are making concerted efforts to work together with NGOs, faith-based communities, civil society groups and government agencies. The biggest task before all, among other pressing needs, is to address religious extremism with gospel values of peace, love and solidarity, says Fr. Gnana Peppin, executive secretary of Family Commission, Archdiocese of Calcutta, India. “No society can ever afford to live in violence, extremism and discord,” he says. “Harmony powered by love, peace and solidarity is a way forward.” Although a breach of trust among communities and religions has marked off and on in the past, renewed vigor and commitment is needed from every member of society, community and government to give peace, progress and prosperity to repeated opportunities.

At the same time, there is always optimism for religious leaders, men and women of goodwill to see the brighter side of life and work for a glimmer of hope in Asia. Collaboration among the government, religious organisations, various groups and movements is key and critical to challenge religious extremism and to reinforce the equality and inherent worth of all with a religious pluralism lens.
Keeping in mind the new evangelization, the church in Asia takes it as a mandate to work for a peaceful, progressive and liberal attitude to serve as an “antidote” to religious extremism in society.
Moreover, the global health emergency has become a threat to all, just as religious extremism is to all. The current pandemic context has increased the vulnerabilities and repercussions faced by people in Asia. In crises, no one is safe unless everyone is safe. The safety of one is the safety of all. This is also applicable to all societies, religions, communities, including the Church. Thus, the outbreak caused by the COVID-19 pandemic entails containing the spread of the virus following health protocols. Amid the health emergency, everyone has a role to help, support and strengthen another person irrespective of religious beliefs, faith affiliations and other differences. Similarly, the same framework is imperative for all to address and fight the phenomenon of religious extremism in Asia and beyond.

So, people of goodwill from various sections of societies, communities and religions have a huge responsibility and potentiality to lead as exemplars of hope. People need to be empowered as catalysts of social change setting the agenda for positive advocacy. According to Basil Fernando, a prominent Asian human rights defender and director of the AHRC, “Religion is about love, compassion, and embracing the other. Violence, the antithesis of religion, is perpetrated under its pretext,” adding that the causes of this violence included territorial expansions, petty political advantages, or unfair competition.
According to terrorism analyst Stanislaus Riyanta, ISIS networks in various countries are still active, including in Indonesia. "Their strength is diminished, but they have not died yet", reports Reuters.
Another analyst at the School of International Studies, Ismail, said, "You cannot deny the fact that there is still a virtual caliphate, which is now extremely hard to counter."
In conclusion, there is a need for developing a human rights culture in addressing the issues related to growing religious extremism and violence. Also, the need for stronger linkages and networks is to ameliorate the plight of people in the region. All peoples, societies, communities, including the church, are to engage its constituencies in addressing gross violations of the rights of people and combat growing religious hatred and intolerance, says Chunakara, the General Secretary of the CCA.